Método indirecto para la verificación del intervalo de referencia del perfil lipídico / Indirect method for the verification of the lipid profile reference range

Introducción: La dislipidemia es uno de los problemas más frecuentes en los niños y adolescentes y su estudio es importante debido a su fuerte correlación con la enfermedad cardiovascular aterosclerótica en adultos. Muchos países desarrollaron valores de referencia nacionales investigando los lípidos séricos utilizando datos basados en la población nacional propia. Nuestro objetivo fue verificar el intervalo de referencia del perfil lipídico calculando las curvas de percentiles a través del método indirecto en nuestra población pediátrica. Materiales y métodos: Se analizaron los resultados de nuestra base de datos utilizando el método indirecto. Luego de aplicar filtros y criterios de exclusión se calcularon los percentiles 25, 50, 75, 95 y 99 para colesterol total (CT), colesterol HDL (C-HDL), colesterol no HDL (C-no-HDL), triglicéridos (TG) y colesterol LDL (C-LDL) y para el C-HDL además se calculó el percentil 10. El valor de referencia para el cambio (RCV) se utilizó para determinar si existía diferencia clínicamente significativa entre los valores de percentiles obtenidos y los utilizados en el consenso de la SAP. Resultados: No se evidenció diferencia clínicamente significativa contra los valores propuesto por la SAP, excepto para los TG para las edades 1,5,7 años en el percentil 95 y para la edad de 8 años en el percentil 75 y 95; para el C-HDL en el percentil 10 para las edades 1,16 y 17 años. Discusión: Se obtuvieron los percentiles de los lípidos y se compararon con los valores de referencia utilizados por el consenso en el que están basados las guías (AU)

Introduction: Dyslipidemia is one of the most common problems in children and adolescents and its study is important because of its strong correlation with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in adulthood. Many countries have developed national reference values investigating serum lipids using data based on their own national population. Our aim was to verify the lipid profile reference range by calculating percentile curves through the indirect method in our pediatric population. Materials and methods: The results of our database were analyzed using the indirect method. After applying filters and exclusion criteria, the 25th, 50th, 75th, 95th, and 99th percentiles were calculated for total cholesterol (TC), HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), non-HDL cholesterol (non-HDL-C), triglycerides (TG), and LDL cholesterol (LDL-C); for HDL-C, the 10th percentile was also calculated. The reference change values (RCV) were used to determine whether there was a clinically significant difference between the percentile values obtained and those used in the consensus of the Argentine Association of Pediatrics (SAP). Results: There was no clinically significant difference with the values proposed by the SAP, except for TG for ages 1, 5, and 7 years at the 95th percentile and for age 8 years at the 75th and 95th percentile; and for HDL-C at the 10th percentile for ages 1, 16, and 17 years. Discussion: Lipid percentiles were obtained and compared with the reference values used by the consensus on which the guidelines are based (AU)

Evaluation of the pharmacotherapeutic follow-up effectiveness in patients with dyslipidemia in the secondary health care in the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS)

Abstract Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are one of the main causes of mortality in the world. Dyslipidemia treatment can reduce the number of deaths caused by CVD, by decreasing the lipid profile. Evaluate the pharmacotherapeutic follow-up effectiveness in patients with dyslipidemia, regarding clinical and laboratory aspects. A quasi-experimental trial was performed in 12 months. The studied population was included patients with dyslipidemia who received a pharmacotherapeutic follow-up, which was evaluated according to the Pharmacotherapy Workup developed by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Clinical and laboratory evaluations were performed at the baseline, after a 6 and 12-months period. The statistical analyzes were performed with the normality test of Lilliefors, Cramer Von Misses, and Anderson Darling, later the t-paired test. This study demonstrated that after 6-months of intervention, statistically significant results were verified in the reduction of LDL-cholesterol, total cholesterol, increase in HDL-cholesterol, and reduction in the blood pressure. It was observed that for high-risk patients, the achievement of targets in the lipid profile and HbA1C occurred only after 12-months, because, this population needs more aggressive targets and expressive interventions. Pharmacotherapeutic follow-up in patients with dyslipidemia reduced lipid blood levels and promoted positive clinical and laboratory outcomes.

Abordagem da dislipidemia na síndrome dos ovários policísticos / Management of dyslipidemia in polycystic ovary syndrome

A dislipidemia é um distúrbio metabólico frequente na síndrome dos ovários policísticos (SOP) e, possivelmente, contribui para um aumento do risco de doenças cardiovasculares. A avaliação do risco cardiovascular de cada paciente define as metas lipídicas a serem atingidas por meio da terapêutica recomendada para a correção da dislipidemia. Alimentação saudável, perda de peso e implementação de um programa regular de atividade física contribuem para a melhora do perfil lipídico. A terapia farmacológica deve ser reservada para as pacientes que não atingiram as metas lipídicas após modificações na dieta e regularização da atividade física ou nas pacientes com alto risco cardiometabólico.(AU)

Evaluation of Lipid Profiles of Children and Youth from Basic Health Units in Campinas, SP, Brazil: A Cross-Sectional Laboratory Study / Avaliação de Perfis Lipídicos Infanto-Juvenis Solicitados nas Unidades Básicas de Saúde em Campinas/SP, Brasil: Um Estudo Laboratorial Transversal

Abstract Background: Among dyslipidemias, hypercholesterolemia is considered the main risk factor for cardiovascular diseases in adults. In childhood and adolescence, elevated total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) are positively associated with atherosclerosis markers, however, systematic screening for dyslipidemias in these groups is a controversial topic. Objective: To characterize the frequencies, types and severity of dyslipidemias in children and adolescents attended at the Basic Health Units managed by SUS in Campinas/SP. Methods: After an agreement with the Municipal Health Department of Campinas, consecutive results of serum lipid profiles (n = 312,650) of individuals of both sexes (n = 62,530) aged between 1 day old and 19 years were obtained, from 2008 to 2015. Age groups and dyslipidemias were classified according to recommendations in the literature. The statistical significance level adopted was the probability value (p) of 0.05 or less. Results: The observed frequencies of increased TC, triglycerides (TG), LDL-C and non-HDL-C (NHDL-C) were 33%, 40%, 29% and 13% respectively, and of reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) the frequency was 39%. The frequencies, in general, were greater in females and in the southwest and south regions of the city, whose populations are more vulnerable from the socioeconomic point of view; on the other hand, in children and adolescents, the frequencies of TG and HDL-C prevailed, respectively. Conclusions: The high frequency and regionalization of dyslipidemias in children and adolescents indicate the need for specific actions in the handling and treatment of such diseases by the public health system of Campinas.

Resumo Fundamento: Dentre as dislipidemias, a hipercolesterolemia é considerada o principal fator de risco para doenças cardiovasculares em adultos. Na infância e adolescência, a elevação de colesterol total (CT) e colesterol da lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL-C) associam-se positivamente a marcadores de aterosclerose, entretanto, a triagem sistemática para dislipidemias nestes grupos é um tema controverso. Objetivos: Caracterizar as frequências, tipos e gravidade de dislipidemias em crianças e adolescentes atendidos nas Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBS) mantidas pelo SUS em Campinas/SP. Métodos: A partir do convênio com a Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Campinas foram obtidos resultados consecutivos de perfis lipídicos séricos (n = 312.650) de indivíduos de ambos os sexos (n = 62.530), com idade entre 1 dia e 19 anos, entre 2008 e 2015. Grupos etários e dislipidemias foram classificados conforme recomendações da literatura. O nível de significância estatístico considerado significativo foi de p < 0,05. Resultados: As frequências observadas de CT, triglicérides (TG), LDL-C e não HDL-C (NHDL-C) aumentados foram, respectivamente 33%, 40%, 29% e 13% e de redução do colesterol da lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL-C) 39%, no total, sendo maiores no sexo feminino e nas regiões sudoeste e sul da cidade, mais vulneráveis do ponto de vista socioeconômico; já em infantes a de TG, e nos adolescentes a de HDL-C prevaleceram. Conclusões: A alta frequência e a regionalização das dislipidemias em crianças e adolescentes apontam para a necessidade de ações específicas no manuseio e tratamento destas no âmbito do sistema público de saúde em Campinas.

Consenso de prevención cardiovascular en la infancia y la adolescencia. Versión resumida. Recomendaciones / Consensus on Cardiovascular Prevention in Childhood and Adolescence. Brief version. Recommendations

La enfermedad cardiovascular secundaria a aterosclerosis es la principal causa de morbimortalidad en la población adulta a nivel mundial. Aunque las manifestaciones clínicas de aterosclerosis (enfermedad coronaria, accidente cerebrovascular y arteriopatía periférica) son excepcionales en la población pediátrica, la presencia de factores de riesgo para enfermedad cardiovascular, así como la adquisición de hábitos que favorecen su desarrollo, se observan ya desde edades tempranas. En el presente documento, se elaboraron recomendaciones, con dos objetivos principales: prevenir la aparición de factores de riesgo para enfermedad cardiovascular (prevención primordial) y detectar y tratar los que favorecen el desarrollo de aterosclerosis clínica (prevención primaria). Si bien las recomendaciones están dirigidas a la población pediátrica, el objetivo del trabajo conjunto de la Sociedad Argentina de Pediatría y la Sociedad Argentina de Cardiología es asegurar un abordaje integral y consensuado de la prevencion cardiovascular a lo largo de toda la vida, incluso, desde antes de la concepción.

Cardiovascular disease secondary to atherosclerosis is the leading cause of morbimortality in the adult population worldwide. Although clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis (coronary heart disease, stroke and peripheral vascular disease) are extremely rare in the pediatric population, the presence of risk factors for cardiovascular disease and the development of health-behavior patterns that promote them are observed since early childhood.In this document, recommendations were developed addressing two main goals: prevention of the risk factors development for cardiovascular disease (primordial prevention) and early detection and treatment of the risk factors to prevent clinical atherosclerosis (primary prevention). Even though the recommendations are addressed to the pediatric population, the aim of the collaborative work between the Sociedad Argentina de Pediatría and the Sociedad Argentina de Cardiología is to ensure a comprehensive and consensual approach of lifetime cardiovascular prevention beginning even before conception.

Relationship between Dyslipidemia, Cultural Factors, and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Schoolchildren / Relação entre Dislipidemia, Fatores Culturais e Aptidão Cardiorrespiratória em Escolares

Abstract Background: The presence of dyslipidemia and behavioral aspects are determinants of cardiovascular risk, especially in childhood and adolescence. Objective: To verify possible relationships between dyslipidemia, cultural factors, and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in schoolchildren. Methods: This cross-sectional study evaluated a sample of 1,254 children and adolescents between the ages of 7 and 17 from the South of Brazil, 686 of whom were female. Dyslipidemia was defined as increased levels of at least one of the following lipid profile parameters: triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and fractions of high (HDL-c) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL-c). Cultural aspects were evaluated by a self-reported questionnaire. Data were analyzed by logistic regression, considering the odds ratios (OR) and confidence intervals (CI) at 95%. Results: The results revealed a high prevalence of dyslipidemia (41.9%), which was associated with female sex (OR: 1.56; IC: 1.24-1.96) and overweight/obese status (OR: 1.55; IC: 1.20-2.00). When lipid profile parameters were evaluated separately, high levels of LDL-c were observed to be associated with sedentary school transport (OR: 1.59; IC: 1.20-2.09). Schoolchildren who were overweight/obese had higher chances of elevated levels of TC (OR: 1.40; IC: 1.07-1.84) and TG (OR: 3.21; IC: 1.96-5.26). HDL-c was shown to be related to high television time (OR: 1.59; IC: 1.00-2.54). Conclusion: Alterations in lipid parameters are associated with cultural factors, especially those related to sedentary lifestyle and low levels of CRF.

Resumo Fundamento: A presença de dislipidemia e os aspectos comportamentais são fatores determinantes do risco cardiovascular, sobretudo na infância e adolescência. Objetivos: Verificar possíveis relações entre dislipidemia, fatores culturais e aptidão cardiorrespiratória (APCR) em escolares. Métodos: São sujeitos deste estudo transversal 1.254 crianças e adolescentes do Sul do Brasil, sendo 686 do sexo feminino, com idade entre 7 e 17 anos. Foi considerada dislipidemia a presença de níveis aumentados em pelo menos um dos parâmetros do perfil lipídico: triglicerídeos (TG), colesterol total (CT) e frações de alta (HDL-c) e baixa densidade (LDL-c). Os aspectos culturais foram avaliados por meio de questionário autorreferido pelo escolar. Os dados foram analisados pela regressão logística, considerando os valores de razão de chances (odds ratio; OR) e intervalos de confiança (IC) para 95%. Resultados: Foi encontrada elevada prevalência de dislipidemia (41,9%), a qual esteve associada com o sexo feminino (OR: 1,56; IC: 1,24-1,96) e com a presença de sobrepeso/obesidade (OR: 1,55; IC: 1,20-2,00). Quando os componentes do perfil lipídico foram avaliados de forma separada, observou-se que altos níveis de LDL-c se associaram ao deslocamento sedentário para a escola (OR: 1,59; IC: 1,20-2,09). Escolares com sobrepeso/obesidade apresentam maiores chances de elevação nos níveis de CT (OR: 1,40; IC: 1,07-1,84) e TG (OR: 3,21; IC: 1,96-5,26). O HDL-c apresentou associação com o elevado tempo em frente à televisão (OR: 1,59; IC: 1,00-2,54). Conclusão: A presença de alteração nos parâmetros lipídicos associa-se com fatores culturais, especialmente voltados ao sedentarismo e baixos níveis de APCR.

Acuracy and concordance of anthropometric indicators and body composition in heart failure / Precisão e concordância de indicadores antropométricos e composição corporal na insuficiência cardíaca

Background: Anabolic/catabolic disorder in heart failure (HF) favors cardiac cachexia, implying a reduction in HF survival. Objectives: To assess the accuracy and concordance of the diagnosis of protein malnutrition and excess fat among the anthropometric and body composition methods in individuals with HF. Method: A study of accuracy that included 60 individuals with HF. Body mass index (BMI), arm circumference (AC), triceps skinfold thickness (TST), adductor pollicis muscle thickness (APMT), arm muscle circumference (AMC) and corrected arm muscle area (cAMA). Fat free mass index (FFMI) and body fat percentage (BF%), obtained by electrical bioimpedance (EBI), were used to compare the diagnosis of protein malnutrition and excess fat. Accuracy was assessed by calculating sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value. The concordance of the EBI diagnosis and other methods was performed by the chi-square test and kappa (k) statistic, where p<0.05 was considered significant.Results: Higher frequencies of protein malnutrition were identified by cAMA and AMC, and excess fat by BF%. BMI presented low sensitivity (43%) and accuracy (38.5%), with moderate concordance (0.50). AMC sensitivity was 86%, accuracy 66.4%, and acceptable concordance (0.36) compared to FFMI. Similar percentages of moderate sensitivity and low accuracy were observed for TST and BMI.Conclusion: AMC may be useful to identify protein malnutrition and TST has not been adequate to diagnose adiposity. BMI was not sensitive to assess muscle and adipose reserve. EBI was more accurate

O histórico familiar está associado à presença de dislipidemia em crianças pré-escolares / Family history is associated with the presence of dyslipidemia in pre-school children

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre história familiar e presença de dislipidemias em crianças. Métodos: Estudo transversal com 257 crianças de 4 a 7 anos de idade do município de Viçosa, Minas Gerais. Foram realizadas avaliações do estado nutricional e do perfil lipídico (colesterol total e frações e triglicerídeos), além do registro de história de dislipidemia dos pais. Para análise estatística, foi utilizado o teste do qui-quadrado de Pearson para identificar associações e teste t de Student para comparação de médias. Foi realizada análise de regressão de Poisson para avaliar a associação independente entre história familiar e a presença de dislipidemia em crianças, sendo adotado o nível de significância estatística de 5%. Resultados: Crianças com pais dislipidêmicos apresentaram maiores concentrações séricas de colesterol total e triglicerídeos. Na análise de regressão após ajuste, a presença de dislipidemia no pai ou na mãe (RP: 2,43; IC95% 1,12-5,27) bem como a presença de dislipidemia no pai e na mãe (RP: 5,62; IC95% 2,27-13,92) estiveram associadas à hipertrigliceridemia nas crianças. Crianças com pais e mães dislipidêmicos apresentaram maior prevalência de lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL-c) elevada (RP: 1,52; IC95% 1,18-1,97). Conclusões: A investigação da história familiar de dislipidemia deve fazer parte de protocolos para verificar a presença de hipertrigliceridemia e dislipidemias na infância.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the association between family history and the presence of dyslipidemia in children. Methods: A cross-sectional study with 257 children aged 4 to 7 years old from Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Southeast Brazil. Nutritional status and lipid profile (total cholesterol, cholesterol fractions, and triglyceride) assessments and an active search for a family history of dyslipidemia in parents were carried out. Pearson's chi-square test was used to identify associations, and Student's t-test was used to compare means. A Poisson regression analysis was performed to assess the independent association between family history and the presence of dyslipidemia in children. A significance level of 5% was adopted. Results: Children of parents with dyslipidemia had higher serum concentrations of total cholesterol and triglycerides. In a regression analysis after adjustments, the presence of dyslipidemia in the father or in the mother (OR: 2.43; 95%CI 1.12-5.27), as well as the presence of dyslipidemia in both the father and the mother (OR: 5.62; 95%CI 2.27-13.92) were associated with hypertriglyceridemia in children. Children of parents with dyslipidemia had a higher prevalence of elevated low-density lipoproteins (LDL-c) (OR: 1.52; 95%CI 1.18-1.97). Conclusions: An investigation of the family history of dyslipidemia should be made as part of the protocol to verify the presence of hypertriglyceridemia and dyslipidemia in children.

Diseño de un modelo predictivo de pesquisa cardiovascular utilizando árboles de decisión: propensión de pacientes a presentar diabetes tipo 2, hipertensión arterial o dislipidemia: estudio piloto, comuna de Quellón, Chiloé / Design of a predictive model of cardiovascular screening using decision trees: propensity of patients to present type 2 diabetes, arterial hypertension or dyslipidemia: pilot study commune of Quellón, Chiloé

Introducción : En la actualidad, la Minería de Datos es cada vez más popular en el campo de la salud porque existe una necesidad de eficiencia metodológica y analítica para detectar información desconocida y valiosa en datos de salud. Objetivo : Desarrollar un modelo predictivo utilizando técnicas de minería de datos, específicamente Arboles de Decisión, para pesquisar pacientes con propensión a desarrollar Diabetes Tipo II (DM II), Hipertensión Arterial (HTA) o Dislipidemia (DLP). Método : Se analizó el problema de los Factores de Riesgo Cardiovascular Mayores desde una perspectiva de procesos y se estudiaron las técnicas que permiten descubrir el conocimiento del fenómeno almacenado en las bases de datos de Examen de Medicina Preventiva del Adulto (EMPA) de la Población en Control Cardiovascular que presenta DM II, HTA o DLP Resultados : El Algoritmo C5, presenta un mayor poder predictivo, respecto de otros algoritmos de Árbol de Decisión. Se comprobó que las variables Edad y Circunferencia de Cintura fueron las de mayor poder de discriminación en el padecimiento de DM2, HTA o DLP. El algoritmo C5 alcanzó una precisión global de un 83,01% en la partición de prueba, luego en la misma partición el modelo logra discriminar un paciente con algunas de las patologías en el 85,25% de los casos, y uno que no presenta alguna de las patologías en un 80,27% de las oportunidades. Conclusión : La Minería de Datos y en este caso, específicamente los Modelos de Árboles de Decisión son una alternativa válida para la pesquisa cardiovascular temprana.

Introduction : Data Mining is increasingly popular in the health field because there is a need for an efficient analytical methodology to detect unknown and valuable information of health data. Objective : To develop a predictive model using data mining techniques, specifically Decision Trees, to investigate patients with a propensity to develop Type II Diabetes, Arterial Hypertension or Dyslipidemia. The data of adult patients presenting Type II diabetes, Hypertension or Dyslipidemia being followed in a preventive cardiovascular control program were analyzed with the aim of unveiling phenomena that could help develop the prediction of these risk factors. Results : With respect to other decision tree algorithms, Algorithm C 5, showed a greater predictive power. The variables age and waist circumference had the greatest power of discrimination for DM2, HTA or DLP. The C 5 algorithm reached a global precision of 83.01% in the test partition. Then, in the same partition the model managed to discriminate a patient with some of the risk factors in 85.25% of cases, and to rule out any of them in 80.27% of cases. Conclusion : Data Mining, specifically decisión tree models, is a valid alternative for early detection of cardiovascular of risk factors.

Avaliação das dimensões da aorta torácica ao ecocardiograma transtóracico bidimensional: correlação com fatores de risco cardiovasculares / Transthoracic echocardiographic assessment of thoracic aorta: correlation with cardiovascular risk factors

Fundamentos: As dimensões da aorta torácica têm tido fraca correlação com fatores de risco cardiovasculares, como hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS), diabetes mellitus (DM) e doença arterial coronariana (DAC). Objetivos: Correlacionar o diâmetro da aorta torácica avaliado pelo ecocardiograma transtorácico (ETT) com HAS, DM, dislipidemia, DAC, tabagismo, idade, sexo, peso, altura, índice de massa corpórea (IMC) e superfície corporal (SC), além de uso contínuo de medicamentos com ação protetora cardiovascular. Métodos: Estudo observacional, transversal e retrospectivo. Foram selecionados 203 indivíduos (62,1 ± 15,3 anos; 57,1% do sexo feminino) que realizaram ETT com a avaliação da aorta torácica em 6 sítios: (1) anel valvar aórtico; (2) seio de valsalva; (3) junção sino tubular; (4) aorta proximal ascendente; (5) arco aórtico e (6) aorta descendente. Resultados: Idade (p < 0,05), sexo masculino (p < 0,001), peso (p < 0,001), altura (p < 0,05) e SC(p < 0,001) foram associados a maiores diâmetros da aorta torácica em todos os sítios de avaliação. A análise multivariada identificou que idade, sexo masculino e SC, conjuntamente, explicam a variação dos diâmetros no anel aórtico em 17,3%, no seio de valsalva, em 30,7%, na junção sino tubular em 17,7%, na ascendente proximal em 21,9%, no arco aórtico em 19,8% e na aorta descendente em 21,4%. Não houve associação entre os diâmetros da aorta e os fatores de risco avaliados e uso contínuo de betabloqueadores, inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina ou bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina. Conclusões: Idade, sexo masculino e superfície corpórea se correlacionaram positiva e significativamente com os diâmetros da aorta torácica

Background: Thoracic aorta dimensions have been poorly correlated with cardiovascular risk factors such as systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), diabetes mellitus (DM) and coronary artery disease (CAD). Objectives: To correlate the thoracic aorta diameter assessed by transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) with SAH, DM, dyslipidemia, CAD, smoking, age, gender, weight, height, body mass index (BMI) and body surface area (BSA) and continuous use of drugs with cardiovascular protective action. Methods: Observational, cross-sectional and retrospective study. The study included 203 individuals (62.1 ± 15.3 years of age; 57.1% female) who underwent TTE with thoracic aorta evaluation at 6 sites: (1) aortic valve annulus; (2) sinus of Valsalva; (3) sinotubular junction; (4) ascending proximal aorta; (5) aortic arch and (6) descending aorta.Results: Age (p < 0.05), male gender (p < 0.001), weight (p < 0.001), height (p < 0.05), and BSA (p < 0.001) were associated with greater thoracic aorta diameters at all sites evaluated. Multivariate analysis identified that age, male gender and BSA, together, explain the variation of aortic annulus diameters in 17.3%, in the sinus of Valsalva in 30.7%, in the sinotubular junction in 17.7%, in the proximal ascending aorta in 21.9%, in the aortic arch in 19.8% and in the descending aorta in 21.4%. There was no association between aortic diameters and the risk factors assessed and continuous use of beta-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers. Conclusions: Age, male gender and body surface area correlated positively and significantly with the thoracic aorta diameters

Posible correlación patogénica entre dislipemia y disglucemia / Possible pathogenic correlation between dyslipemia and dysglycemia

RESUMEN Objetivos Analizar: 1) el perfil lipídico en personas con glucemia de ayunas alterada (GAA) y 2) su posible asociación con parámetros clínico-metabólicos. Material y métodos Se reclutaron 101 personas de ambos sexos asistentes a consultorios de la Carrera Universitaria de Medicina Interna UNLP, incluyéndose personas >15 años que firmaron consentimiento informado para participar en el estudio; se excluyeron aquellos tratados con fármacos que afectaran el metabolismo lipídico y con diabetes tipo 2. En ellos se registraron antecedentes personales, heredofamiliares, hábitos de vida y ocurrencia de eventos cardiovasculares previos, índice de masa corporal (IMC), circunferencia de cintura (CC) y tensión arterial. En muestras de sangre se determinó glucemia, HbA1c y perfil lipídico; en la mayoría se agregó insulinemia e índice HOMA-IR. La evaluación estadística incluyó ANOVA y test de Tukey, considerándose significativas diferencias con valor de p ≤0,05. Resultados: 67,32% de los participantes presentaron glucemias ≤100 mg/dl (grupo control) y el 32,67% disglucemias compatibles con el estado de GAA. La edad promedio, el IMC y la CC, los valores de HbA1c, insulina y HOMA-IR al igual que el porcentaje de personas con hipertensión arterial fueron significativamente mayores en este último grupo. Los valores del perfil lipídico registrados fueron mayores en el grupo de GAA excepto el c-HDL en el que fueron menores. Conclusión La dislipemia presente en personas con GAA sería simultáneamente un marcador de ateroesclerosis obliterante y un promotor de la transición a DT2, por lo que requiere su diagnóstico y tratamiento precoz.

ABSTRACT Aims To analyze: 1) the lipid profile in people with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and 2) its potential association with clinical and metabolic parameters. Materials and methods: 101 people were recruited from those attending the University of Internal Medicine UNLP clinic, including people of both sexes, >15 years who sign informed consent to participate in the study; those treated with drugs that affect lipid metabolism and with type 2 diabetes were excluded. In all of them had we recoded body mass index (BMI), abdominal circumference (AC) and blood pressure. Their personal history, inherited relatives, life habits and occurrence of cardiovascular events were also recorded. In their blood samples, blood glucose, HbA1c and lipid profile were measured as well as insulin and HOMA-IR index in most of them. Statistical evaluation included ANOVA and Tukey's test; significant differences were considered when their p value was ≤0.05. Results 67.32% of the participants presented glycemias ≤100 mg/dl (control group) and 32.67% values compatible with IFG status. Mean age, BMI and WC, HbA1c, insulin and HOMA-IR values, as well as the percentage of people with hypertension, were significantly higher in the latter group. The values of the lipid profile recorded were higher in the GAA group except the HDL-c in which they were lower. Conclusion Since the dyslipidemia present in people with IFG would simultaneously be a marker of atherosclerosis obliterans and a promoter of the transition to DT2, it requires its early diagnosis and treatment.

Prevalence of dyslipidaemia among healthcare workers in University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria

Healthcare workers are predisposed to cardiovascular diseases just as the patients they manage. Dyslipidaemia has been identified as an important cardiovascular risk factor among the healthcare workers. Elevated LDL-cholesterol and triglyceride along with reduced HDL-cholesterol have been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Deposition of proatherogenic lipids along the wall of the blood vessels forms the basis of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. This study determined the prevalence of dyslipidaemia among the healthcare workers in University of Benin Teaching Hospital (UBTH), Benin City, South-South, Nigeria. Three hundred and twenty-five hospital workers ranging from doctors, nurses and other healthcare workers were recruited for this study. Demographic and socioeconomic data were collected using a structured questionnaire. One hundred and sixty (49%) were males while 165(51%) were females with 2 average age of 40.9 ± 8.8 years and average body mass index of 26.7 ± 5.9kg/m. Anthropometric and blood pressure measurements were determined using standard techniques while the serum lipids (triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol) were analyzed using the standard enzymatic methods. Abnormal lipid levels were found in the study population. Total cholesterol (5.06 ± 1.33 mmol/L), LDL-cholesterol (3.66 ± 1.38mmol/L) and non HDL-cholesterol (4.08 ± 1.37 mmol/L) were elevated. Serum HDL-cholesterol (0.98 ± 0.14 mmol/L) was found to be low. Prevalence of dyslipidaemia was reported as follow: elevated total cholesterol (43.4%), elevated LDL-cholesterol (56.0%), and reduced HDL-cholesterol (82.2%). Significant risk factors identified include: physical inactivity (32%) and alcohol ingestion (53.5%). Prevalence of dyslipidaemia is high among the healthcare workers in UBTH; most especially reduced HDL-cholesterol and elevated LDL-cholesterol. Therapeutic lifestyle modification is therefore advocated among the healthcare workers to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases

Tendencias actuales del uso de las estatinas en dislipidemias y otros efectos extralipídicos / Current trends of the use of statins for dyslipidemias and other extra lipid effects

Introducción: Los pacientes con afecciones ateroscleróticas suelen presentar concentraciones intermedias de colesterol unido a lipoproteínas de baja densidad, lo que refleja la importancia de la interacción con otros factores de riesgo. El tratamiento con estatinas mejora el pronóstico, especialmente el tratamiento intensivo, e independientemente de los valores de colesterol, lo cual hace que se deba considerar esta estrategia terapéutica como una opción y por extensión, todos los pacientes con enfermedad vascular establecida. Objetivo: Examinar las tendencias actuales en el uso terapéutico de las estatinas. Fuente de datos: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica entre 2010-2015 en las bases de datos MedLine, Hinari, Cochrane, PubMed; de revistas líderes en la publicación de temas y artículos de interés. Síntesis de los datos: Las estatinas son fármacos eficaces para disminuir la concentración de colesterol y los triglicéridos en la circulación sanguínea. Además, aumentan moderadamente el colesterol unido a lipoproteínas de alta densidad y disminuyen la incidencia de enfermedad cardiovascular aterosclerótica, por lo que se las considera medicamentos de primera elección en el tratamiento de la dislipemia aterogénica. Se ha demostrado que el tratamiento hipolipemiante con estatinas, evita la progresión de la enfermedad hacia el episodio agudo. Conclusiones: Se actualizó que el efecto de las estatinas juega un papel fundamental en los pacientes con arteriopatía. Es conveniente iniciar el tratamiento lo más precoz posible y extenderlo a sectores arteriales como el cerebrovascular y el periférico(AU)

Introduction: Patients with acute atherosclerotic conditions usually present with moderate cholesterol concentrations together with low-density lipoprotein levels, which indicates the importance of the interactions with other risk factors. Statin therapy improves prognosis after the occurrence of an acute coronary syndrome, especially in intensive care and regardless of cholesterol values, which leads to consider this therapeutic strategy as an option to be extended to all the patients with a set vascular disease. Objective: To examine the present tendencies in the statin therapy. Data sourse: A literature review was made from 2010 to 2015 in MedLine Hinari, Cochrane and PubMed databases and in leading journals in the publication of topics and articles of interest. Data synthesis: Statins are effective drugs to decrease the blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Besides, they increase the high density lipoprotein cholesterol and reduce the incidence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, therefore, they are considered first-choice drugs for the treatment of atherogenic dyslipidemia. It has been proved that hypolipidemic treatment with statin avoids the progression of the disease into the acute stage. Conclusions: The review provides an update on the fundamental role of statins in the treatment of patients with artheropathy. It is desirable to initiate the treatment as early as possible and to extend it to other arterial areas such as cerebrovascular and peripheral ones(AU)

Adolescentes Hipertensos: Correlação com Índice de Massa Corpórea e Perfis Lipídico e Glicêmico / Hypertensive Adolescents: Correlation with Body Mass Index and Lipid and Glucose Profiles

Fundamento: A presença de hipertensão durante a adolescência está correlacionada a mudanças metabólicas, obesidade e sobrepeso. Objetivos: Correlacionar o perfil lipídico e glicêmico de adolescentes hipertensos e não hipertensos com idade, sexo, índice de massa corpórea (IMC), peso e altura. Métodos: Foram selecionados 53 adolescentes hipertensos e 182 adolescentes saudáveis não hipertensos. Os adolescentes foram divididos em três grupos: grupo I (GI; n = 108, 58 do sexo masculino, idade média 15,2 ± 2,2 anos), que incluiu adolescentes saudáveis não hipertensos, filhos de pais saudáveis e sem diagnóstico de dislipidemia, hipertensão ou diabetes; grupo II (GII; n = 53, 28 do sexo masculino, idade média 13,9 ± 1,4 anos), que incluiu adolescentes com hipertensão confirmada; e grupo III (GIII; n = 74, 31 do sexo masculino, idade média 14,9 ± 2,2 anos), que incluiu adolescentes saudáveis não hipertensos, cujos pais possuíam diagnóstico de dislipidemia, hipertensão ou diabetes. Resultados: Sexo e peso não apresentaram diferença significativa entre os grupos. Os sujeitos no GII eram em geral mais jovem (ao redor de 1 ano), mais baixos e com IMC mais alto em comparação aos do GI e GIII. Após ajustes para idade e IMC, o GII apresentou valores mais altos de glicose e LDL-colesterol e mais baixos de HDL-colesterol em relação ao GI e GIII. Os valores de colesterol total e triglicerídeos não diferiram entre os grupos. O GI e GIII não apresentaram diferenças significativas em relação às variáveis estudadas. Conclusão: Adolescentes hipertensos apresentaram valores mais elevados de IMC e de glicose e LDL-colesterol séricos, além de níveis mais reduzidos de HDL-colesterol. Esses achados revelam que as mudanças no metabolismo glicídico e no perfil lipídico que ocorrem durante a adolescência podem ser influenciadas pela presença de hipertensão durante esta fase do desenvolvimento

Background: The occurrence of hypertension during adolescence correlates with metabolic changes, obesity, and overweight. Objective: To correlate the lipid and glucose profiles of hypertensive and nonhypertensive adolescents with age, gender, body mass index (BMI), weight, and height. Methods: We selected 53 hypertensive adolescents and 182 healthy, nonhypertensive adolescents. The adolescents were divided into three groups: group I (GI; n = 108, 58 males, mean age 15.2 ± 2.2 years), consisted of healthy, nonhypertensive adolescents of healthy parents without a diagnosis of hypertension, dyslipidemia, or diabetes; group II (GII, n = 53, 28 males, mean age 13.9 ± 1.4 years), consisted of adolescents with confirmed hypertension; and group III (GIII; n = 74, 31 males, mean age 14.9 ± 2.2 years), consisted of healthy, nonhypertensive adolescents of parents with a diagnosis of hypertension, dyslipidemia, or diabetes. Results: Gender and weight did not differ significantly among the groups. The subjects in GII were overall younger (around 1 year), shorter, and had a higher BMI compared with those in GI and GIII. After adjustment for age and BMI, GII presented higher glucose and LDL-C levels and lower HDL-C levels compared with GI and GIII. Total cholesterol and triglycerides levels showed no differences between groups. GI and GIII had no significant differences with regard to the analyzed variables. Conclusion: Hypertensive adolescents showed higher values of BMI, and serum glucose and LDL-C levels, and lower serum HDL-C levels. These findings reveal that the changes in lipid profile and glucose metabolism that occur during adolescence may be influenced by the occurrence of hypertension during this developmental phase

Impact of the Use of Different Diagnostic Criteria in the Prevalence of Dyslipidemia in Pregnant Women / Impacto do Uso de Diferentes Critérios Diagnósticos na Prevalência de Dislipidemia em Gestantes

Abstract Background: There is a physiologic elevation of total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) during pregnancy. Some authors define dyslipidemia (DLP) in pregnant women when TC, LDL and TG concentrations are above the 95th percentile (p95%) and HDL concentration is below the 5th percentile (P5%) for gestational age (GA). Objective: To compare the prevalence of DLP in pregnant women using percentiles criteria with the V Brazilian Guidelines on Dyslipidemia and the association with maternal and fetal outcomes. Results: Pregnant women with high-risk conditions, aged 18-50 years, and at least one lipid profile during pregnancy was classified as the presence of DLP by two diagnostic criteria. Clinical and laboratorial data of mothers and newborns were evaluated. Conclusion: 433 pregnant women aged 32.9 ± 6.5 years were studied. Most (54.6%) had lipid profile collected during third trimester. The prevalence of any lipid abnormalities according to the criteria of the National Guidelines was 83.8%: TC ≥ 200 mg/dL was found in 49.9%; LDL ≥ 160 mg/dL, in 14.3%, HDL ≤ 50 mg/dL in 44.4% and TG ≥ 150 mg/dL in 65.3%. Any changes of lipid according to percentiles criteria was found in 19.6%: elevation above the P95% for TC was found in 0.7%; for LDL, 1.7%; for TG 6.4% and HDL lower than the P5% in 13%. The frequency of comorbidity: hypertension, diabetes, smoking, obesity and preeclampsia was similar among pregnant women when DLP was compared by both criteria. Conclusion: The prevalence of DLP during pregnancy varies significantly depending on the criteria used, however none demonstrated superiority in association with comorbidities.

Resumo Fundamento: Durante a gestação ocorrem, fisiologicamente, elevações do colesterol total (CT) e triglicerídios (TG). Alguns autores definem dislipidemia (DLP) gestacional quando as concentrações de CT, LDL e TG são superiores ao percentil 95 (P95%) e de HDL, inferiores ao percentil 5 (P5%) para a idade gestacional. Objetivo: Comparar a prevalência da DLP em gestantes conforme critério por percentis com o da V Diretriz Brasileira de Dislipidemia e avaliar a associação com desfechos materno-fetais. Métodos: Gestantes com patologias de alto risco, idade entre 18 a 50 anos, e, pelo menos um perfil lipídico durante a gestação foram classificadas quanto à presença de DLP por dois critérios. Dados clínicos e laboratoriais das mães e neonatos foram avaliados. Resultados: Estudou-se 433 gestantes com idade de 32,9 ± 6,5 anos. A maioria (54,6%) teve o perfil lipídico coletado no terceiro trimestre. A prevalência de quaisquer das alterações lipídicas, conforme os critérios da Diretriz Nacional, foi de 83,8%: CT ≥ 200 mg/dL foi encontrado em 49,9%; LDL ≥ 160 mg/dL, em 14,3%, HDL ≤ 50 mg/dL em 44,4% e TG ≥ 150 mg/dL, em 65,3%. Quaisquer das alterações lipídicas pelo critério dos percentis foi encontrada em 19,6%: sendo que elevação superior ao P95% para CT foi encontrada em 0,7%; para LDL, em 1,7%; para TG, em 6,4% e inferiores ao P5% para o HDL em 13%. A frequência das comorbidades: hipertensão, diabetes, tabagismo, obesidade e pré-eclâmpsia foi semelhante entre as gestantes quando se comparou DLP pelos dois critérios. Conclusão: A prevalência de DLP na gestação variou significativamente conforme o critério utilizado, entretanto nenhum demonstrou superioridade na associação com comorbidades.

Non-HDL cholesterol is a good predictor of the risk of increased arterial stiffness in postmenopausal women in an urban Brazilian population

OBJECTIVES: Increased arterial stiffness is an important determinant of the risk of cardiovascular disease. Lipid profile impairment, especially hypercholesterolemia, is associated with stiffer blood vessels. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine which of the five circulating lipid components (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides) is the best predictor of increased arterial stiffness in an urban Brazilian population. METHODS: A random sample of 1,662 individuals from the general population of Vitoria, Brazil (25-64 years), was selected, and lipid components were measured using standard methods. Pulse wave velocity was measured using a non-invasive automatic device, and increased arterial stiffness was defined as a pulse wave velocity ≥10 m/s. RESULTS: In men, only total cholesterol (OR=1.59; CI=1.02 to 2.48, p=0.04) was associated with the risk of increased arterial stiffness. In women, HDL-C (OR=1.99; CI=1.18 to 3.35, p=0.01) and non-HDL-C (OR=1.61; CI=1.01 to 2.56, p=0.04) were good predictors of the risk of increased arterial stiffness. However, these associations were only found in postmenopausal women (OR=2.06; CI=1.00 to 4.26, p=0.05 for HDL-C and OR=1.83; CI=1.01 to 3.33, p=0.04 for non-HDL-C). CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that both HDL-C and non-HDL-C are good predictors of the risk of increased arterial stiffness in postmenopausal women in an urban Brazilian population and may be useful tools for assessing the risk of arterial stiffness.

Guía de práctica clínica para el diagnóstico, manejo y control de dislipidemia, complicaciones renales y oculares en personas con Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 / Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, management and control of dyslipidemia, renal and ocular complications in people with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Contribuir a la disminución de las enfermedades cardiovasculares debido a dislipidemia, la enfermedad renal crónica terminal y la ceguera por retinopatia diabética de las personas com diabete mellittus tipo 2.

Alta frecuencia de dislipidemias en niños y adolescentes con Síndrome de Down / High frequency of dyslipidemia in children and adolescents with Down Syndrome

El síndrome de Down (SD) presenta mayor riesgo de desarrollar enfermedades crónicas asociadas a mayor morbimortalidad por enfermedad cardiovascular. Algunos estudios han mostrado un peor perfil lipídico en niños con SD, sin embargo, hasta el momento no existen recomendaciones de tamizaje para dislipidemia en estos pacientes. Objetivo: Describir la frecuencia de dislipidemia en una población chilena de niños y adolescentes con SD. Pacientes y Método: Estudio retrospectivo, que incluyó pacientes con SD entre 2 y 18 años, participantes de un programa de salud para personas con SD en la Red de Salud UC CHRISTUS, entre los años 2007 y 2015. Se incluyeron pacientes que tuvieran perfil lipídico tomado entre sus exámenes de rutina. Se registraron características clínicas, comorbilidades relevantes, malformaciones, medicamentos, estado nutricional y estado puberal. El diagnóstico de dislipidemias se realizó de acuerdo a los criterios de la NHLBI 2011. Resultados: Se revisaron las fichas clínicas de 218 niños con SD, 58,3% tenía algún tipo de dislipidemia. Las más frecuentes fueron colesterol HDL bajo (15,1%) e hipertrigliceridemia (12,8%). La dislipidemia aterogénica (C-HDL bajo más hipertrigliceridemia) fue la dislipidemia combinada más frecuente (13,3%), la cual no se asoció a sobrepeso u obesidad. Conclusiones: Se encontró una alta frecuencia de dislipidemia en niños y adolescentes chilenos con SD. Nuestros resultados nos hacen sugerir la realización de un perfil lipídico de forma temprana a todos los pacientes con SD, independiente de la presencia de factores de riesgo de dislipidemia.

Down Syndrome (DS) shows an increased risk of chronic diseases, associated to higher morbidity and mortality for cardiovascular disease. Some studies have shown a worse lipid profile in children with DS, however, until now there is no recommendation for screening for dyslipidemia in these subjects. Objective: To describe the frequency of dyslipidemia in a population of Chilean children and adolescents with DS. Patients and Method: Retrospective study, including patients with DS, aged 2 to 18 years, who participated in a special health care program for people with DS in Health Net UC CHRISTUS, between 2007 and 2015. Patients who had a lipid profile between their routine laboratory tests were included. Clinical characteristics, relevant comorbidities, malformations, medications, nutritional status and pubertal development were obtained from medical records. Diagnosis of dyslipidemia was considered according to the criteria of the NHLBI 2011. Results: The medical records of 218 children with DS were revised, 58,3% had some type of dyslipidemia. The most frequent single dyslipidemias were low HDL Chol (15,1%) and hypertriglyceridemia (12,8%). Atherogenic dyslipidemia (low HDL plus hypertriglyceridemia) was the most frequent combined dyslipidemia (13,3%). The occurrence of atherogenic dyslipidemia was not associated with overnutrition and obesity. Conclusions: A high frequency of dyslipidemia was found in Chilean children and adolescents with DS. Our results make us suggest that lipid profile should be performed early in all patients with DS, independent of the presence of risk factors for dyslipidemia.